Ceramics
ARCHAEOMETRY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS
Pottery is one of the most important sources of information on ancient cultures, because it was used daily to store dry substances, to carry liquids and to heat liquid or solid substances over a fire.
Pottery enters the archaeological record from the Neolithic (in Switzerland from the end of 5th / beginning of 4th millenium BC) and remains of major importance until now. Fascinating technological develpoment occured through the times to improve the physical properties and the esthetic aspect of the products.
Usually, a vast amount of broken pots are collected during archeological excavations. These ceramic fragments are subsequently analysed using an archeological or art-historical approach, but also by scientific methods and the archaeometrical approach.
This site provides a general introduction on the archaeometry of ceramics and more specific outlines on our current research, our laboratory facilities, the reference groups and our recent publications.
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Archaeoceramics
INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOMETRY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS
Archaeoceramics is concerned with the study of ancient ceramics, applying scientific methods to answer the following questions:
- When (date of confection)?
- Where (manufacturing place)?
- How (technique)?
- For what purpose (function) was the ceramic object produced?
Such objects were normally made from a clayey raw material and transformed to a hard substance by firing. They can be classified as brick, tile, pot, stoneware, porcelain etc. and studied from different perspectives. To the geologist, for instance, they are artificial rocks which have been subjected to relatively high temperatures and have recrystallized to become thermometamorphic products, analogue to those naturally formed through metamorphism.
Additional Information:
Archeometric Research on Ancient CeramicsOur research on ancient ceramics started in 1974. The working group deals with the whole "chaîne opératoire", from the initial clay to the final product. We study all kinds of materials such as raw clays, semi-finished artefacts, waste products, kiln remnants and used products of all ages unearthened by the archaeologists. Our main interest lies in the determination of the composition of the material, in order to establish its place of origin, and the technology employed.
For such a doing we interprete data obtained by microscopic (optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy), irradiation (X-ray diffraction and HT-X-ray diffraction), technological (Hg-pressure porosimetry) and chemical analyses (X-ray fluorescence, electron microprobe, isotopic methods).
Actual projects are focused on Swiss and European ceramics. For the past research projects, consult the publication list.Reference Groups with the Chemical Composition of Ancient CeramicsSince 1974, the Archaeometry research group of the Mineralogy and Petrography unit has established several Reference Groups with the chemical composition of ancient ceramics from Switzerland, Italy France and Germany. The tables with the chemical compositions are avaible online and can be downloaded. A selected list of publications is available below.
Ceramics as artificial rocksTO LOOK AT CERAMICS AS ARTIFICIAL ROCKS
The making of ceramics, especially of clay-based ceramics as discussed here, follows three steps:
1) processing of the raw materials (in the case of clay-based ceramics, these consist of clays and loams)
2) forming and
3) firingClay and loam contain an association of fine-grained (smaller than 0.002 mm) clay minerals, responsible for the plastic behaviour of the clay (called matrix or paste after firing) and coarser components, the so-called a-plastic inclusions, both characteristic of the particular type of raw material. Processing of the clay makes the material suitable for its subsequent use. This treatment consists of reducing the clay into small pieces, the extraction of coarse impurities, soaking of the clay with water and possibly the addition of a temper (sand or crushed rocks), as well as mixing and depositing of the clay mixture.
Subsequent water extraction makes the material malleable, and through kneading, the desired homogenity can be obtained. The obtained plasticity of the material allows now a manual moulding, with or without the potter’s wheel. Before firing, the object has to be air-dried. During firing, clay minerals release their chemically bound water at temperatures above approximately 500°C.
The submicroscopic, fine-grained decomposition products have a badly ordered crystalline structure. They react easily with partial melts formed during the temperature interval of 700o - 1000°C. At this stage, the decomposition of hydroxides, sulphates, carbonates, etc., supplies oxides, which dissolve in the melts or form new silicates. All these reactions result in a chemically quite resistant, but water absorbing material, whose utility can be increased by coatings (e.g. glossy clay layers or glazes).
Reading CeramicsTO READ CERAMICS AS A BOOK
Any ceramic fragment, however insignificant it may appear, can be compared to a potential 'book', because it contains, as if stored on pages, a wealth of information about its history. As shown in the figure below, the lifespan of a piece of pottery can be divided into five steps:
1) extraction of the clay from the pit
2) manufacture of the object (processing of the clay, firing)
3) use, with subsequent breakdown
4) buria
5) excavation, cleaning, treatment and analysis
During all these steps, the sherd has stored information, and this 'memory' can be activated by a variety of chemical and physical methods.
Considering the chemical composition of a sherd, it is obvious that it will reflect the composition of the original clay, its processing (the extraction of coarse, a-plastic particles or the addition of temper fragments can change the chemistry), the use of the object (e.g. the chemical composition of a cooking pot can be affected by reaction processes between the pot itself and the food), the burial stage (infiltration of foreign matter into the ceramic body or extraction of sherd matter caused by solvents from invading solutions) and the post-excavation treatment (e.g. cleaning with acids can lead to dissolution of carbonates).
Selected BibliographySELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE ARCHAEOMETRY OF CERAMICS
Aitken, M. J. (1990): Science-based dating in archaeology, London, New York .
Barclay, K. (2001): Scientific Analysis of Archaeological Ceramics. A Handbook of Resources. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Charters, S., Evershed, R.P., Goad, L.J., Leyden, H. & Blinkhorn, P.W. (1993):Quantification and distribution of lipid in archaeological ceramics: implications for sampling potsherds for organic residue analysis and the classification of vessel use. Archaeometry 35, 2, 211-213.
Cuomo di Caprio, N. (1985): La ceramica in archeologia. Antiche techniche di lavorazione e moderni metodi d’indagine. “L’Erma” die Bretschneider, Roma.
Daskiewick, M. & Schneider, G. (2001):Klassifizierung von Keramik durch Nachbrennen von Scherben. ZAK 58, 1, 25-32.
Dincauze, D.F. (2000): Environmental Archaeology. Principles and Practise.Cambridge.
Evans, J. & O’Connor, T. (2001): Environmental Archaeology. Principles and Methods . Sparkford.
Freestone, I. & Gaimster, D. (ed.) Pottery in the making. World ceramic traditions. British Museum Press, 1997.
Gibson, A. & Woods, A. (1997): Prehistoric pottery for the archaeologist, Leicester university press, London and Washington, 2d ed.
Heimann, R.B. (1979): Archäothermometrie: Methoden zur Brenntemperatur-bestimmung von antiker Keramik. Fridericiana, Zeitschrift der Universität Karlsruhe 24, 17-34.
Herrmann, B. (Ed.), Archäometrie. Naturwissenschaftliche Analyse von Sachüberresten. Eine praktikumsbegleitende Veröffentlichung aus dem Arbeitskreis Umweltgeschichte der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1994).
Heron, C. & Evershed, R.P. (1993): The analysis of organic residues and the study of pottery use. In: M. Schiffer (ed.), "Archaeological method and theory 5". University of Arizona Press, Arizona.
Hrouda (ed): Methoden der Archäologie. Eine Einführung in ihre naturwissenschaftlichen Techniken. Beck, München, 1978.
Maggetti, M. (1982): Phase Analysis and its Significance for Technology and Origin. Archaeological Ceramics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 121-133.
Maggetti, M. (1990): Il contributo delle analisi chimiche alla conoscenza delle ceramiche antiche. In: T. Mannoni & A. Molinari, Scienze in Archeologia, (eds.) Edizioni all’Isegna del Giglio, Firenze.
Maggetti, M. (1994): Mineralogical and petrographical methods for the study of ancient pottery. In: F. Burragato, O. Grubessi & L. Lazzarini (eds.), 1st European Workshop on archaeological ceramics, 10-12.10.1991. Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università degli studi di Roma "La Sapienza", 25-35.
Maggetti, M. (2001): Chemical Analyses of Ancient Ceramics: What for? ART AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES. Chimia, 55, No. 11, 923-930.
Mommsen, H. (1986): Archäometrie. Neuere naturwissenschaftliche Methoden und Erfolge in der Archäologie.Teubner, Stuttgart.
Noll, W. (1991): Alte Keramik und ihre Pigmente. Studien zu Material und Technologie. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
Picon, M. (1973): Introduction à l’étude technique des céramiques sigillées de Lezoux. Centre de recherches sur les techniques gréco-romaines, 2, Université de Dijon.
Riederer, J. (1981): Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung antiker Keramik. Aus: D. Arnold, Studien zur altägyptischen Keramik. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 193-220.
Rottländer, R. C. A. (1983): Einführung in die naturwissentschaftlichen Methoden in der Archäologie. Mit Beiträgen von H. Bachmann u. a. Archaeologica Venatoria 6. Tübingen.
Schneider, G. (1978): Anwendung quantitativer Materialanalysen auf Herkunftsbestimmungen antiker Keramik. Berliner Beiträge zur Archäometrie 3, 63-122.
Schneider, G., Burmester, A., Goedicke, C., Hennicke, H.W., Kleinmann, B., Knoll, H., Maggetti,M. & Rottländer, R. (1989): Naturwissenschaftliche Kriterien und Verfahren zur Beschreibung von Keramik. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica, 21, 7-39.
Shepard, A.O. (1956): Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., Many reprints.
Steuer, H. et al. (2002): Stichwort „Naturwissenschaftliche Methoden in der Archäologie“. In: H. Beck et al. (Eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 20, 2. Auflage (Berlin, New York) 586-610.
Tite, M.S. (1991): Archaeological Science – past achievements and future prospects. Archaeometry, 33,2, 139-151.
Tite, M.S. and Waine, J. (1962): Thermoluminescent dating: A re-appraisal. Archaeometry, 5, 53-79.
Tite, M.S. and Maniatis, Y. (1975): Scanning electron microscopy of fired calcareous clays. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 74 (1), 19-22.
Tite, M.S., Freestone, I., Mason, R., Molera, J. Vendrell-Satz, M. & Wood, N. (1998): Lead Glazes in Antiquity – Methods of production and reasons for use. Archaeometry 40, 2, 241-260.
Velde, B. & Druc, I.C. (1999):Archaeological Ceramic Materials. Origin and Utilization. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Wagner, G.A. (1995): Altersbestimmung von jungen Gesteinen und Artefakten. Enke, Stuttgart.
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Research
ARCHAEOMETRIC RESEARCH ON ANCIENT CERAMICS
Our research on ancient ceramics started in 1974. The working group deals with the whole "chaîne opératoire", from the initial clay to the final product. We study all kinds of materials such as raw clays, semi-finished artefacts, waste products, kiln remnants and used products of all ages unearthened by the archaeologists.
Our main interest lies in the determination of the composition of the material, in order to establish its place of origin (reference groups), and the technology employed.
For such a doing we interprete data obtained by microscopic (optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy), irradiation (X-ray diffraction and HT-X-ray diffraction), technological (Hg-pressure porosimetry) and chemical analyses (X-ray fluorescence, electron microprobe, isotopic methods).
Actual projects are focused on Swiss and European ceramics. For the past research projects, consult the publication list.
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Reference Groups
What is a reference group?
When faced with the question where a particular ceramic object was manufactured, it is not sufficient to determine its quantitative elementary composition only.
If its potential place of origin was, for instance, either Rome or Florence, it would be necessary to compare the single analysis with material from those cities. In other words, a comparison with so called reference groups would be required.
These are series of analyses of ceramic fragments (n=at least 20-30) whose place of origin has been clearly determined as local (criteria: archeological arguments or a chemical and petrographic correspondence with wasters, kiln findings and local raw material).
The chemical composition of a reference group should have little variation and should be significantly different from others. If reference groups are known and if a single analysis corresponds to one of them, it is very likely that this sample has indeed been manufactured in the same pottery workshop. However, this hypothesis becomes invalid if a more suitable reference group can be defined.Find the excel files for the reference groups here.
Publications
Complete list of publications of our research group concerning the reference groups from Switzerland, France, Germany and Italy.
Swiss reference groups
CH1: Maggetti, M.: In preparation
CH2: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enduit brillant. PHD Thesis n°846, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH3: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enduit brillant. PHD Thesis n°846, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH4: Jornet, A., Maggetti, M. (1986): Chemische Analyse von 40 Scherben der Grabungen beim Augster Osttor im Jahre 1966.- Jahresbericht aus Augst und Kaiseraugst 5, 1986, p. 107-122.
CH5: Maggetti et al.(1989): Die Feinkeramik von Sissach-Brühl: eine spätlatènezeitliche Referenzgruppe. Archäologie und Museum Heft 13, 1988, Amt für Museum und Archäologie Liestal, 21,p .7-39.
CH6: Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (1981): Archäometrische Untersuchungen an Spätlatènezeitlicher Keramik von Basel-Gasfabrik und Sissach-Brühl. -Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 11, 4, 1981, p. 321-328.
CH7: Schubert, P. (1987): Die mineralogische-petrographische und chemische Analyse der Keramik. -P.J. Suter, Zürich "Kleiner Hafner", Tauchgrabungen 1981-1984. Berichte der Zürcher Denkmalpflege, Monographien 3, p.114-125
CH8:Kaenel , G. et al. (1982): Les ateliers de céramique gallo-romaine de Lousonna (Lausanne-Vidy, VD): analyses archéologiques, minéralogiques et chimiques. - Jahrb. d. Schweiz. Ges. Ur- und Frühgeschichte 65, p.93-132.
CH9: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enfuit brillant. PHD Thesis n°846, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH10: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enduit brillant. PHD Thesis n°846, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH11: Kilka, T. (1987): Groupes de référence des poteries romaines d'Aegerten (Canton Berne - Suisse): caracteristiques minéralogiques, chimiques et techniques. Travail de Diplom, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH12: M Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (1981): Archäometrische Untersuchungen an Spätlatènezeitlicher Keramik von Basel-Gasfabrik und Sissach-Brühl. -Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 11, 4, 1981, p. 321-328.
CH13: Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (1993): Die Baukeramik von Augusta Raurica- eine mineralogisch-chemisch-technische Untersuchung. -Jahresberichte aus Augst und Kaiseraugst 14, p.199-225
CH14: Maggetti, M., Küpfer, Th.: Composition of the Terra Sigillata from La Péniche (Vidy/Lausanne, Switzerland). -Archaeometry 20, 2, 1978, p. 183-188.
Küpfer, Th., Maggetti, M. (1978): Die Terra Sigillata von La Péniche, Schweiz. mineral.petgrogr. Mitt., 58, 189-212.
Maggetti, M.: Recherches minéralogiques, chimiques et technologiques sur la terre sigillée de l'atelier de la Péniche (Vidy/Lausanne). -Cahiers d'Archéologie Romande 20, Lousonna 4, 1980, p. 81-95.
CH15: Maggetti, M., Galetti G. (1987): Hallstattzeitliche Keramik von Châtillon-sur-Glâne und der Heuneburg- ein naturwissenschaftlicher Vergleich. -Archéologie Fribourgeoise - Freiburger Archäologie. Chronique Archéologique - Archàologischer Fundbericht 1984. Editions Universitaires Fribourg, p. 96-106.
CH17: Kilka, T. (1987): Groupes de référence des poteries romaines d'Aegerten (Canton Berne - Suisse): caracteristiques minéralogiques, chimiques et techniques. Travail de Diplôme, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH18: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enduit brillant. PHD Thesis n°846, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH19: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enduit brillant. PHD Thesis n°846, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH20: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enduit brillant. PHD Thesis n°846, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH23: Kaenel , G. et al. (1982): Les ateliers de céramique gallo-romaine de Lousonna (Lausanne-Vidy, VD): analyses archéologiques, minéralogiques et chimiques. - Jahrb. d. Schweiz. Ges. Ur- und Frühgeschichte 65, p.93-132.
CH24: Kaenel , G. et al. (1982): Les ateliers de céramique gallo-romaine de Lousonna (Lausanne-Vidy, VD): analyses archéologiques, minéralogiques et chimiques. - Jahrb. d. Schweiz. Ges. Ur- und Frühgeschichte 65, p.93-132.
CH29: Janke, M. (1989): Technik und Herkunft mittelalterlicher Ofenkacheln aus der Nordwestschweiz. Travail de Diplôme, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH30: Benghezal, A. (1989): Groupes de référence des poteries gallo-romaines de Seeb (ZH-Suisse) et Oberwinterthur (ZH-Suisse): caracteristiques minéralogiques, chimiques et techniques. Travail de Diplôme, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.CH31: Maggetti, M.: In preparation
CH32: Janke, M. (1989): Technik und Herkunft mittelalterlicher Ofenkacheln aus der Nordwestschweiz. Travail de Diplôme, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.CH33: Benghezal, A. (1989): Groupes de reference des poteries gallo-romaines de Seeb (ZH-Suisse) et Oberwinterthur (ZH-Suisse): caracteristiques minéralogiques, chimiques et techniques. Travail de Diplôme, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH36: Benghezal, A. (1994): Provenance et techniques de la céramique Néolithique finale de stations des trois lacs jurassiens (Suisse). PHD Thesis n° 1062, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH37: Benghezal, A. (1994): Provenance et techniques de la céramique Néolithique final de stations des trois lacs jurassiens (Suisse). PHD Thesis n° 1062, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH38: Jornet, A. (1982): Analyse minéralogique et chimique de la céramique romaine suisse à enduit brillant.- Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
Hertli, U., Maggetti, M., Jornet, A., Galetti, G. (1999): Where was the Terra Sigillata workshop of FLORUS ? - 4th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics. Archaeological and archaeometric studies. Andorra 1997, Ed. : Governs d'Andorra, Ministeri de Turisme i Cultura, 1999, 168-174.
CH39: Zanco, A. (1998): Galloroman Terra Sigillata imitations of Western Switzerland: technology and provenance. -Key Engineering Materials Vols. 132-136, p. 1480 (Abstr.)
CH40: Zanco, A. (1998): Galloroman Terra Sigillata imitations of Western Switzerland: technology and provenance. -Key Engineering Materials Vols. 132-136, p. 1480 (Abstr.)
CH41: Zanco, A. (1998): Galloroman Terra Sigillata imitations of Western Switzerland: technology and provenance. -Key Engineering Materials Vols. 132-136, p. 1480 (Abstr.)
CH42: Schmid, D., Thierrin-Michael, G., Galetti, G. : L’atelier Venusstrasse-Ost, partie sud, à Augusta Raurica (Augst) et la distribution de sa production : résultats des analyses. — SFECAG, Actes du Congrès de Fribourg, 1999, 63-70.
CH43: In print.
CH44: In print.
CH45: Wolf, S. : The bricks from St. Urban : analytical and technical investigation on Cistercian bricks in Switzerland. 129 pp. PhD Thesis, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
CH46: In print.
CH47 Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (2000): Naturwissenschaftliche Analyse der Fayence von Matzendorf :in "200 Jahre keramische Industrie in Matzendorf und Aedermannsdorf"(200 hundred years of ceramic industry in Matzendorf and Aedermannsdorf).pp.101-183
CH48: Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (2000): Naturwissenschaftliche Analyse der Fayence von Matzendorf in "200 Jahre keramische Industrie in Matzendorf und Aedermannsdorf"(200 hundred years of ceramic industry in Matzendorf and Aedermannsdorf).pp.101-183
CH49: Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (2000): Naturwissenschaftliche Analyse der Fayence von Matzendorf in "200 Jahre keramische Industrie in Matzendorf und Aedermannsdorf"(200 hundred years of ceramic industry in Matzendorf and Aedermannsdorf).pp.101-183
CH50: Wolf, S., Suter, P.J. und Maggetti, M.: Villa romana: Dachziegel des L. C. Priscus. - In: Meikirch Villa romana, Gräber und Kirche (Peter J. Suter et al. eds), 2004, 74-84.
CH51: Wolf, S., Ruffieux, M. and Mauvilly, M. (2003). First Results about Iron Age pottery from Frasses/Praz au Doux and Bussy/Pré de Fond, Fribourg, Switzerland.- Ceramic in the Society. Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 323-334.
CH52: Wolf, S., Ruffieux, M. and Mauvilly, M. (2003). First Results about Iron Age pottery from Frasses/Praz au Doux and Bussy/Pré de Fond, Fribourg, Switzerland.- Ceramic in the Society. Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 323-334.
CH53: Wolf, S.: In preparation
CH54: Giacomini, F.: The Roman tile-factories in Switzerland: the case of the Vindonissa legionary camp (1st Century A.D.).- Ceramic in the Society. Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 145-162.
Giacomini, F.: 2001. The Roman stamped tiles of Vindonissa (Northern Switzerland): Provenance and technology of the production. (PhD thesis).
Giacomini, F. (2005): The Roman Stamped Tiles of Vindonissa (1st century A.D., Northern Switzerland). Provenance and technology of production – an archaeometric study. – BAR International Series 1449, 2005, 1-84.
CH55: Giacomini, F.: The Roman tile-factories in Switzerland: the case of the Vindonissa legionary camp (1st Century A.D.).- Ceramic in the Society. Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 145-162.
Giacomini, F.: 2001. The Roman stamped tiles of Vindonissa (Northern Switzerland): Provenance and technology of the production. (PhD thesis).
Giacomini, F. (2005): The Roman Stamped Tiles of Vindonissa (1st century A.D., Northern Switzerland). Provenance and technology of production – an archaeometric study. – BAR International Series 1449, 2005, 1-84.
CH56: Giacomini, F.: The Roman tile-factories in Switzerland: the case of the Vindonissa legionary camp (1st Century A.D.).- Ceramic in the Society. Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 145-162.Giacomini, F.: 2001. The Roman stamped tiles of Vindonissa (Northern Switzerland): Provenance and technology of the production. (PhD thesis).
Giacomini, F. (2005): The Roman Stamped Tiles of Vindonissa (1st century A.D., Northern Switzerland). Provenance and technology of production – an archaeometric study. – BAR International Series 1449, 2005, 1-84.£
CH57: Giacomini, F.: The Roman tile-factories in Switzerland: the case of the Vindonissa legionary camp (1st Century A.D.).- Ceramic in the Society. Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 145-162.
Giacomini, F.: 2001. The Roman stamped tiles of Vindonissa (Northern Switzerland): Provenance and technology of the production. (PhD thesis).
Giacomini, F. (2005): The Roman Stamped Tiles of Vindonissa (1st century A.D., Northern Switzerland). Provenance and technology of production – an archaeometric study. – BAR International Series 1449, 2005, 1-84.
CH58: Di Pierro, S. Domestic production versus pottery exchange during the Final Neolithic: characterization of the Auvernier-cordé ceramics from the Portalban and St.Blaise settlements, Western Switzerland. (PhD thesis).
CH59: Di Pierro, S. Domestic production versus pottery exchange during the Final Neolithic: characterization of the Auvernier-cordé ceramics from the Portalban and St.Blaise settlements, Western Switzerland. (PhD thesis).
CH60: Thierrin-Michael, G. (2002). Les poteries ajoulotes de la Renaissance à l’industrialisation et les argiles utilisées: évaluation du rôle de la production de Bonfol. – In: Cahiers de la FARB, Delémont, p.54-59.
CH61: Thierrin-Michael, G. (2003). Contribution des analyses pétrographiques, chimiques et minéralogiques. - In: Produits céramiques modernes – Ensemble de Porrentruy Grand’Fin (Babey, U.). Cahiers d’archéologie jurassienne, 18, Porrentruy, p. 121-138.
CH62: Freudiger-Bonzon, J. (2005).Archaeometrical study (petrography, mineralogy and chemistry) of Neolithic Ceramics from Arbon Bleiche 3 (Canton of Thurgau, Switzerland). Geofocus, 11, Fribourg.
CH63: Rodot, M.-A., Martineau, R., Bonvalot, J., Galetti, G.: Nature and provenance of Montilier-Platzbünden Horgen pottery (3179-3118 calendar years BC, western Switzerland). – Proceedings of the 7th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (EMAC’03), Trabalhos de arqueologia 42, Understanding people through their pottery, october 27-31, 2003, Lisbon, Portugal, 231-240.
CH64: Eramo G., The melting furnace of the Derrière Sairoche glassworks
(Court, Swiss Jura): heat-induced mineralogical transformations and their technological signification, Archaeometry 47, 3 (2005) 571-592.
CH65: Eramo G., Pre-industrial glassmaking in Swiss Jura: the refractory earth for the glassworks of Derrière Sairoche (Ct. Bern, 1699-1714), in M. Maggetti, B. Messiga (Eds.), Geomaterials in Cultural Heritage, Archaeometric Special Publication, Geological Society of London, in press.
CH66: Eramo G., The glass-melting crucibles of Derrière Sairoche (1699-1714 AD, Ct. Bern, Switzerland): a petrological approach, Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006) 440-452.
CH67: Eramo G., The glass-melting furnace and the crucibles of Südel (1723-1741, Switzerland): provenance of the raw materials and new evidences of high thermal performances, Journal of Cultural Heritage, in press.
CH68: Jornet, A. and Maggetti, M. (2003): Analyse chimique, minéralogique et technique de la céramique de vaisselle de Liebrüti. - In: Teodora Tomasevic Buck: AUGUSTA RAURICA. Probleme, Anregungen und Neufunde. Schriften des Vorarlberger Landesmuseums. Reihe A, Landschaftsgeschichte und Archäologie Bd. 7, 55-79.
CH69: Blanc, C. (2007): Etude archéométrique. In: Maggetti, M. (éd.) La faïence de Fribourg. Faton, Dijon, 82-125.FRENCH REFERENCE GROUPS
FR11: Benghezal, A. (1994): Provenance et techniques de la céramique du Neolithiques final de stations des trois lacs jurassiens (Suisse). PhD. Thesis n° 1062, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
FR12: Benghezal, A.(1994): Provenance et techniques de la céramique du Neolithiques final de stations des trois lacs jurassiens (Suisse). PhD. Thesis n° 1062, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
FR13: Benghezal, A. (1994): Provenance et techniques de la céramique du Neolithiques final de stations des trois lacs jurassiens (Suisse). PhD. Thesis n° 1062, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
FR14: Maggetti, M., Morin, D. and Serneels, V. (2009): High-Mg faiences from Granges-le-Bourg (Haute-Saône,France), Proceedings of the conference EMCA'07, 9th European Meeing on Ancient Ceramics (Biro, K.T., Szilagyi, V.,
reiter, A. eds.), 207-216.German reference groups
DE1: Maggetti, M., Schwab, . (1982): Iron Age Fine Pottery from Châtillon-sur-Glâne and the Heuneburg. -Archaeometry 24, 1, 1982, p. 21-36.
DE2: Maggetti, M. (1995): "Technical aspects of the terra sigillata production: the pottery centre of Schwabegg (Augsburg, Germany, 2/3 D C. AD).-The Ceramics Cultural Heritage, P. Vincenzini (Editor), 221-227.
Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (1993): Naturwissenschaftliche Unter-suchungen an der Terra Sigillata von Schwabegg. -Forschungen zur Geschichte der Keramik in Schwaben, Arbeitshefte des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege, Nr. 58, 1993, p. 101-118.Italian reference groups
IT13: Maggetti, M., Galetti, G.(1986): Chemischer Herkunftsnachweis der "Schwarzen Sigillata" vom Magdalensberg. In : H.Vetters und G. Piccottini, (Hrsg.): Magdalensberg Grabungsbericht 15, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem magdalensberg 1975-79, Verlag Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, p. 391-431
IT14: Maggetti, M., Galetti, G.(1986): Chemischer Herkunftsnachweis der "Schwarzen Sigillata" vom Magdalensberg. In : H.Vetters und G. Piccottini, (Hrsg.): Magdalensberg Grabungsbericht 15, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem magdalensberg 1975-79, Verlag Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, p.
IT19: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT20: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT21: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT22: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT24: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT25: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT26: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT27: Thierrin-Michael, G.(1992): Römische Weinamphoren: Mineralogische und chemische Untersuchungen zur Klärung ihrer Herkunft und Herstellungsweise. PhD. Thesis n° 977, Institut de Minéralogie et de Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg.
IT28: Maggetti, M., Galetti, G., Schwander, H., Picon, M. & Wessicken, R.: Campanian Pottery: The Nature of the Black Coating. -Archaeometry 23,2, 1981, p. 199-207. -
Publications
MAJOR PUBLICATIONS ON ARCHAEOCERAMICS
Thirion-Merle V., Thierrin-Michael G., Desbat A. (2019) : Archaeometrical study of Khmer stoneware of the Angkorian period: Results of the Cerangkor project. Archaeometry
Di Pierro, S. (2003): Matrix - temper separation of Neolithic ceramics: an experimental approach to characterize the original raw materials an determine their provenance.-
Ceramic in the Society. Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 109-131.
Eramo, G., Laviano, R., Muntoni, I.M., Volpe, G. (2004): Late roman cooking pottery from the Tavoliere area (Southern Italy): raw materials and technological aspects. - Journal of Cultural Heritage 5, 157-165.
Giacomini, F. (2003): The Roman tile-factories in Switzerland: the case of the Vindonissa legionary camp (1st Century A.D.).- Ceramic in the Society.
Proceedings of the 6th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (S. Di Pierro, V. Serneels, M. Maggetti eds.), 3-6 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, 145-162.
Heimann, R.B. & Maggetti, M. (1981): Experiments on Simulated Burial of Calcareous Terra Sigillata (Mineralogical Change). -Preliminary results. -British Museum Occasional Paper 19, 1981, p. 163-177.
Maggetti, M. (2001): Chemical Analyses of Ancient Ceramics: What for? - Art And Chemical Sciences. Chimia 2001, 55, No 11, 923-930.
Maggetti, M. (1994): Mineralogical and petrographical methods for the study of ancient pottery. 1st European Workshop on archaeological ceramics, 10-12.10.1991. Buragato F., Grubessi O., Lazzarini L. (eds).- Dipartimento di Scienza della Terra, 23-35.
Maggetti, M. (1982): Phase Analysis and its Significance for Technology and Origin. In: J.S. Olin and A.D. Franklin (eds): Archaeological Ceramics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 1982, p. 121-133.Maggetti, M. (1981): Composition of Roman Pottery from Lousonna (Switzerland). -British Museum Occasional Paper 19, 1981, p. 33-49.Martin-Kilcher S, Deschler-Erb E., Roth-Zehner M., Spichtig N., Thierrin-Michael G. (2013) : Les importations dans la civitas Rauracorum. Bâle-Gasfabrik, Sausheim, Sierentz, Bâle-Münsterhügel, Augst. In: Olmer F. (ed.): Actes du colloque européen « Itinéraires des vins romains en Gaule (IIIe-Ier siècles avant J.-C.). Confrontations de faciès », 30 janvier - 2 février 2007, Musée H. Prades à Lattes. Lattes, Monographies d’archéologie Méditérranéenne, Hors-série 5, 377-422.
Augier L., Balzer I., Bardel D., Deffressigne S., Bertrand E., Fleischer F., Hopert-Hagmann S., Landolt M., Mennessier-Jouannet C., Mège C., Roth-Zehner M., Saurel M., Tappert C., Thierrin-Michael G. et Tikonoff N. avec la collaboration de M. Ruffieux et M. Van Es (2013): La céramique façonnée au tour :témoin privilégié de la diffusion des techniques au Hallstatt D2-D3 et à La Tène A-B1. In: A. Colin and F. Verdin (eds): L’âge du Fer en Aquitaine et sur ses marges. Mobilité des hommes, diffusion des idées,circulation des biens dans l’espace européenà l’âge du Fer. Actes du 35e Colloque international de l’AFEAF (Bordeaux, 2-5 juin 2011), Bordeaux, Aquitania Supplément 30, 563-594.
Maggetti, M., Baumgartner, D. & Galetti, G. (1990): Mineralogical and chemical studies on Swiss neolithic crucibles. -In: Archaeometry '90, Edited by E. Pernicka & G.A. Wagner, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, 1990, p. 95-104.
Maggetti, M., Galetti, G. (1996): 400 years of galloroman ceramic production at Augusta Rauricorum, Switzerland.- Archaeometry 1994, Ankara. Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Ankara 9-14 May 1994. Demirci S., Özer,A.M., Summers G.D. (eds)., 203-208.
Maggetti, M., Galetti, G., Schwander, H., Picon, M. & Wessicken, R. (1981): Campanian Pottery: The Nature of the Black Coating. -Archaeometry 23, 2, 1981, p. 199-207.Maggetti, M. & Rossmanith, M. (1981): Archaeothermometry of Kaolinitic Clays. -Revue d'Archéométrie, Supplément no. 5, 1981, p. 185-194.
Maggetti, M., Westley, H. & Olin, J. (1984): Provenance and Technical Studies of Mexican Majolica Using Elemental and Phase Analysis. -In: J.B. Lambert (ed): ACS Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 205, Archaeological Chemistry III, American Chemical Society, 1984, p. 151-191.
Picouet, P., Maggetti, M. , Piponnier, D. and Schvoerer, M. (1999): Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy of Quartz Grains as a Tool for Ceramic Provenance. - Journal of Archaeological Science, 1999, 26, 943-949.
Thierrin-Michael, G. (2004): Classification des amphores vinaires italiques par l'examen macroscopique des pâtes: possibilités et limites. - SFECAG, Actes du Congrès de Saint-Romain-en-Gal, 2003. (2004), 319-323.
Wolf, S. (2002): Estimation of the production parameters of very large medieval bricks from St. Urban, Switzerland. - Archaeometry, 44, 1 (2002), 37-65.
Zanco, A. (1999): Provenance and technology of Gallo-Roman terra sigillata imitations from Western Switzerland. - Plinius n. 21, 1999, 139-143.Thierrin-Michael G. (2012) : Etude archéométrique de la céramique tournée. In : Frei Paroz L. et al. : Occupations des Premier et Second âges du Fer dans le bassin de Delémont. Porrentruy, Office de la culture et Société jurassienne d'Emulation, CAJ 25,120-122, 170.
Babey U., Thierrin-Michael, G. (2012) : La céramique. In : Evéquoz Emmanuelle et al., Le site du Haut Moyen Âge de Chevenez, Lai Coirattes (Jura, Suisse). Porrentruy, Office de la culture et Société jurassienne d'Emulation, CAJ27, 72-85.
Thierrin-Michael G., Chiaverini J. (2013): Céramiques modernes préindustrielles et manufacturées de Bonfol, Jura, Suisse: changements compositionnels et explications possibles. Actes de la table ronde franco-suisse à Vesoul 2009, Vesoul, 25-34.
Thierrin-Michael, G. (2013): Analyses spécialisées. In : Evéquoz Emmanuelle et al., La verrerie de Rebeuvelier (Jura, Suisse). Porrentruy, Office de la culture et Société jurassienne d'Emulation (CAJ35), 159-169.
Thierrin-Michael, G. (2014): Reibschüssel- und Gebrauchskeramikproduktion in Oberwinterthur und Umgebung in römischer Zeit: Ein Überblick über die naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen 1999-2011. In Jauch V.: Vicustöpfer. Keramikproduktion im römischen Oberwinterthur, Zürich und Egg 2014, Monographien der Kantonsarchäologie Zürich 45, Vitudurum 10, 154-170.
Babey U., Thierrin-Michael, G. (2014) : La céramique. In : Deslex Carine et al., Le site du Haut Moyen Âge de Courtedoux, Creugenat (Jura, Suisse). Porrentruy, Office de la culture et Société jurassienne d'Emulation, CAJ 33, 133-182.
Babey U., Thierrin-Michael, G. (2014) : La pierre ollaire. In : Deslex Carine et al., Le site du Haut Moyen Âge de Courtedoux, Creugenat (Jura, Suisse). Porrentruy, Office de la culture et Société jurassienne d'Emulation, CAJ 33, 183-188.
Thierrin-Michael, G. (2015) : Archäometrische Untersuchung ausgewählter Grosswarenarten. In : Frey J. : Court, Pâturage de l’Envers, vol. 3. Die Kühl- und Haushaltskeramik. Bern, Archäologischer Dienst, 299-326.
Hasenbach V., Thierrin-Michael G. (2015) : High Quality Kitchenaid in Brigantium – Gestempelte Reibschüsseln aus Bregenz. In : Grabher G., Rudigier A. (eds) : Archäologie in Vorarlberg. Bregenz/Lindenberg im Allgäu, Vorarlberg Museum Schriften 15, 131-135.
Roth Heege E, Thierrin-Michael, G. (2016): Oberaltstadt 3 / 4. Eine Töpferei des 16. Jahrhunderts und die Geschichte der Häuser. In: Archäologie der Stadt Zug, Band 2, Kunstgeschichte und Archäologie im Kanton Zug 6.2, Amt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie des Kantons Zug, Zug, 13-154.
Thierrin-Michael, G. , Thirion-Merle, V. (2016) : Des poteries des ateliers de Sevrey (Saône-et-Loire, France) sur le Plateau suisse au haut Moyen Âge ? Analyses pétrographiques et chimiques de six tessons mérovingiens provenant de Boudry/Champ-le-Sage-Ouest. In : Elmer C., Thew N., von Burg A., Kraese J. (eds): Delta de l’Areuse. Les méandres du delta de l’Areuse au cours de l’Holocène: une histoire humaine et environnementale. Neuchâtel, Office du patrimoine et de l’archéologie (Archéologie neuchâteloise numérique, 8), 6/182-6/191.
Wedenig R., Thierrin-Michael G. (2018):Eme. Fac lucrum! Ein ungewöhnlicher Stempeltext auf einer Reibschüssel aus Salzburg/Iuvarum. In: Faver Salisburgi, Festschrift für Wilfried K. Kovacsovics zum 65. Geburtstag. Salzburg Studien 18, 339-350.
Thierrin-Michael G, Heitz C., Stapfer R.: Herkunft und Herstellungstechnik archäologischer Keramik: die erdwissenschaftliche Perspektive. Mitt. Natforsch. Ges. Bern NF Bd. 75, Bern 2018, 156-165.
Thierrin-Michael G. (2019): Archäometrische Untersuchungen an Ziegelfragmenten. In: Neukom H.: Der Westhof im Kloster St. Johann in Müstair – Archäologische Befunde im Wirtschaftshof bis 1500, Müstair Studien 1, Schnell+Steiner, Regensburg, 183-200.